. Mechanics of Materials clearly and thoroughly presents the theory and supports the application of essential mechanics of materials principles. Professor Hibbeler’s concise writing style, countless examples, and stunning four-color photorealistic art program – all shaped by the comments and suggestions of hundreds of colleagues and students – help students visualize and master difficult, Mechanics of Materials (9th Edition) by Hibbeler, Russell C. 9th (ninth) (2013) Hardcover on Amazon.com. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. A book that covers mechanics of materials: the study of internal effects of stress and strain in a solid body that is subjected to external loading. The material in this book follows and builds upon principles learned in statics..
. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the, No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher. * 3–4. A tension test was performed on a steel specimen.
Mechanics of Materials (9th Edition) by Hibbeler, Russell C. 9th (ninth) (2013) Hardcover on Amazon.com. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. A book that covers mechanics of materials: the study of internal effects of stress and strain in a solid body that is subjected to external loading. The material in this book follows and builds upon principles learned in statics. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the
This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the Mechanics of Materials clearly and thoroughly presents the theory and supports the application of essential mechanics of materials principles. Professor Hibbeler’s concise writing style, countless examples, and stunning four-color photorealistic art program – all shaped by the comments and suggestions of hundreds of colleagues and students – help students visualize and master difficult
This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the Mechanics of Materials (9th Edition) by Hibbeler, Russell C. 9th (ninth) (2013) Hardcover on Amazon.com. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. A book that covers mechanics of materials: the study of internal effects of stress and strain in a solid body that is subjected to external loading. The material in this book follows and builds upon principles learned in statics.
Mechanics of Materials clearly and thoroughly presents the theory and supports the application of essential mechanics of materials principles. Professor Hibbeler’s concise writing style, countless examples, and stunning four-color photorealistic art program – all shaped by the comments and suggestions of hundreds of colleagues and students – help students visualize and master difficult No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher. * 3–4. A tension test was performed on a steel specimen
No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher. * 3–4. A tension test was performed on a steel specimen Mechanics of Materials clearly and thoroughly presents the theory and supports the application of essential mechanics of materials principles. Professor Hibbeler’s concise writing style, countless examples, and stunning four-color photorealistic art program – all shaped by the comments and suggestions of hundreds of colleagues and students – help students visualize and master difficult
Mechanics of Materials clearly and thoroughly presents the theory and supports the application of essential mechanics of materials principles. Professor Hibbeler’s concise writing style, countless examples, and stunning four-color photorealistic art program – all shaped by the comments and suggestions of hundreds of colleagues and students – help students visualize and master difficult No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher. * 3–4. A tension test was performed on a steel specimen
Mechanics of Materials (9th Edition) by Hibbeler, Russell C. 9th (ninth) (2013) Hardcover on Amazon.com. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. A book that covers mechanics of materials: the study of internal effects of stress and strain in a solid body that is subjected to external loading. The material in this book follows and builds upon principles learned in statics. Mechanics of Materials clearly and thoroughly presents the theory and supports the application of essential mechanics of materials principles. Professor Hibbeler’s concise writing style, countless examples, and stunning four-color photorealistic art program – all shaped by the comments and suggestions of hundreds of colleagues and students – help students visualize and master difficult
Mechanics of Materials clearly and thoroughly presents the theory and supports the application of essential mechanics of materials principles. Professor Hibbeler’s concise writing style, countless examples, and stunning four-color photorealistic art program – all shaped by the comments and suggestions of hundreds of colleagues and students – help students visualize and master difficult Mechanics of Materials clearly and thoroughly presents the theory and supports the application of essential mechanics of materials principles. Professor Hibbeler’s concise writing style, countless examples, and stunning four-color photorealistic art program – all shaped by the comments and suggestions of hundreds of colleagues and students – help students visualize and master difficult
Mechanics of Materials (9th Edition) by Hibbeler, Russell C. 9th (ninth) (2013) Hardcover on Amazon.com. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. A book that covers mechanics of materials: the study of internal effects of stress and strain in a solid body that is subjected to external loading. The material in this book follows and builds upon principles learned in statics. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the
This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher. * 3–4. A tension test was performed on a steel specimen
Mechanics of Materials clearly and thoroughly presents the theory and supports the application of essential mechanics of materials principles. Professor Hibbeler’s concise writing style, countless examples, and stunning four-color photorealistic art program – all shaped by the comments and suggestions of hundreds of colleagues and students – help students visualize and master difficult Mechanics of Materials clearly and thoroughly presents the theory and supports the application of essential mechanics of materials principles. Professor Hibbeler’s concise writing style, countless examples, and stunning four-color photorealistic art program – all shaped by the comments and suggestions of hundreds of colleagues and students – help students visualize and master difficult
No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher. * 3–4. A tension test was performed on a steel specimen No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher. * 3–4. A tension test was performed on a steel specimen
This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the Mechanics of Materials (9th Edition) by Hibbeler, Russell C. 9th (ninth) (2013) Hardcover on Amazon.com. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. A book that covers mechanics of materials: the study of internal effects of stress and strain in a solid body that is subjected to external loading. The material in this book follows and builds upon principles learned in statics.
Mechanics of Materials clearly and thoroughly presents the theory and supports the application of essential mechanics of materials principles. Professor Hibbeler’s concise writing style, countless examples, and stunning four-color photorealistic art program – all shaped by the comments and suggestions of hundreds of colleagues and students – help students visualize and master difficult Mechanics of Materials clearly and thoroughly presents the theory and supports the application of essential mechanics of materials principles. Professor Hibbeler’s concise writing style, countless examples, and stunning four-color photorealistic art program – all shaped by the comments and suggestions of hundreds of colleagues and students – help students visualize and master difficult
No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher. * 3–4. A tension test was performed on a steel specimen This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the
This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher. * 3–4. A tension test was performed on a steel specimen
. Mechanics of Materials clearly and thoroughly presents the theory and supports the application of essential mechanics of materials principles. Professor Hibbeler’s concise writing style, countless examples, and stunning four-color photorealistic art program – all shaped by the comments and suggestions of hundreds of colleagues and students – help students visualize and master difficult, Mechanics of Materials clearly and thoroughly presents the theory and supports the application of essential mechanics of materials principles. Professor Hibbeler’s concise writing style, countless examples, and stunning four-color photorealistic art program – all shaped by the comments and suggestions of hundreds of colleagues and students – help students visualize and master difficult.
. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the Mechanics of Materials clearly and thoroughly presents the theory and supports the application of essential mechanics of materials principles. Professor Hibbeler’s concise writing style, countless examples, and stunning four-color photorealistic art program – all shaped by the comments and suggestions of hundreds of colleagues and students – help students visualize and master difficult.
Mechanics of Materials (9th Edition) by Hibbeler, Russell C. 9th (ninth) (2013) Hardcover on Amazon.com. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. A book that covers mechanics of materials: the study of internal effects of stress and strain in a solid body that is subjected to external loading. The material in this book follows and builds upon principles learned in statics. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher. * 3–4. A tension test was performed on a steel specimen
No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher. * 3–4. A tension test was performed on a steel specimen Mechanics of Materials (9th Edition) by Hibbeler, Russell C. 9th (ninth) (2013) Hardcover on Amazon.com. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. A book that covers mechanics of materials: the study of internal effects of stress and strain in a solid body that is subjected to external loading. The material in this book follows and builds upon principles learned in statics.
Mechanics of Materials (9th Edition) by Hibbeler, Russell C. 9th (ninth) (2013) Hardcover on Amazon.com. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. A book that covers mechanics of materials: the study of internal effects of stress and strain in a solid body that is subjected to external loading. The material in this book follows and builds upon principles learned in statics. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the
No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher. * 3–4. A tension test was performed on a steel specimen Mechanics of Materials (9th Edition) by Hibbeler, Russell C. 9th (ninth) (2013) Hardcover on Amazon.com. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. A book that covers mechanics of materials: the study of internal effects of stress and strain in a solid body that is subjected to external loading. The material in this book follows and builds upon principles learned in statics.
No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher. * 3–4. A tension test was performed on a steel specimen Mechanics of Materials (9th Edition) by Hibbeler, Russell C. 9th (ninth) (2013) Hardcover on Amazon.com. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. A book that covers mechanics of materials: the study of internal effects of stress and strain in a solid body that is subjected to external loading. The material in this book follows and builds upon principles learned in statics.
This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the Mechanics of Materials clearly and thoroughly presents the theory and supports the application of essential mechanics of materials principles. Professor Hibbeler’s concise writing style, countless examples, and stunning four-color photorealistic art program – all shaped by the comments and suggestions of hundreds of colleagues and students – help students visualize and master difficult
No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher. * 3–4. A tension test was performed on a steel specimen Mechanics of Materials clearly and thoroughly presents the theory and supports the application of essential mechanics of materials principles. Professor Hibbeler’s concise writing style, countless examples, and stunning four-color photorealistic art program – all shaped by the comments and suggestions of hundreds of colleagues and students – help students visualize and master difficult
This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the Mechanics of Materials (9th Edition) by Hibbeler, Russell C. 9th (ninth) (2013) Hardcover on Amazon.com. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. A book that covers mechanics of materials: the study of internal effects of stress and strain in a solid body that is subjected to external loading. The material in this book follows and builds upon principles learned in statics.
. Mechanics of Materials clearly and thoroughly presents the theory and supports the application of essential mechanics of materials principles. Professor Hibbeler’s concise writing style, countless examples, and stunning four-color photorealistic art program – all shaped by the comments and suggestions of hundreds of colleagues and students – help students visualize and master difficult, This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the.
. Mechanics of Materials clearly and thoroughly presents the theory and supports the application of essential mechanics of materials principles. Professor Hibbeler’s concise writing style, countless examples, and stunning four-color photorealistic art program – all shaped by the comments and suggestions of hundreds of colleagues and students – help students visualize and master difficult, No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher. * 3–4. A tension test was performed on a steel specimen.
No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher. * 3–4. A tension test was performed on a steel specimen Mechanics of Materials clearly and thoroughly presents the theory and supports the application of essential mechanics of materials principles. Professor Hibbeler’s concise writing style, countless examples, and stunning four-color photorealistic art program – all shaped by the comments and suggestions of hundreds of colleagues and students – help students visualize and master difficult
Mechanics of Materials clearly and thoroughly presents the theory and supports the application of essential mechanics of materials principles. Professor Hibbeler’s concise writing style, countless examples, and stunning four-color photorealistic art program – all shaped by the comments and suggestions of hundreds of colleagues and students – help students visualize and master difficult This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the
Mechanics of Materials clearly and thoroughly presents the theory and supports the application of essential mechanics of materials principles. Professor Hibbeler’s concise writing style, countless examples, and stunning four-color photorealistic art program – all shaped by the comments and suggestions of hundreds of colleagues and students – help students visualize and master difficult No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher. * 3–4. A tension test was performed on a steel specimen
Mechanics of Materials (9th Edition) by Hibbeler, Russell C. 9th (ninth) (2013) Hardcover on Amazon.com. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. A book that covers mechanics of materials: the study of internal effects of stress and strain in a solid body that is subjected to external loading. The material in this book follows and builds upon principles learned in statics. Mechanics of Materials (9th Edition) by Hibbeler, Russell C. 9th (ninth) (2013) Hardcover on Amazon.com. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. A book that covers mechanics of materials: the study of internal effects of stress and strain in a solid body that is subjected to external loading. The material in this book follows and builds upon principles learned in statics.
Mechanics of Materials (9th Edition) by Hibbeler, Russell C. 9th (ninth) (2013) Hardcover on Amazon.com. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. A book that covers mechanics of materials: the study of internal effects of stress and strain in a solid body that is subjected to external loading. The material in this book follows and builds upon principles learned in statics. Mechanics of Materials (9th Edition) by Hibbeler, Russell C. 9th (ninth) (2013) Hardcover on Amazon.com. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. A book that covers mechanics of materials: the study of internal effects of stress and strain in a solid body that is subjected to external loading. The material in this book follows and builds upon principles learned in statics.
This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the
Mechanics of Materials clearly and thoroughly presents the theory and supports the application of essential mechanics of materials principles. Professor Hibbeler’s concise writing style, countless examples, and stunning four-color photorealistic art program – all shaped by the comments and suggestions of hundreds of colleagues and students – help students visualize and master difficult No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher. * 3–4. A tension test was performed on a steel specimen
No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher. * 3–4. A tension test was performed on a steel specimen No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher. * 3–4. A tension test was performed on a steel specimen
This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the Mechanics of Materials clearly and thoroughly presents the theory and supports the application of essential mechanics of materials principles. Professor Hibbeler’s concise writing style, countless examples, and stunning four-color photorealistic art program – all shaped by the comments and suggestions of hundreds of colleagues and students – help students visualize and master difficult
This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher. * 3–4. A tension test was performed on a steel specimen
No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher. * 3–4. A tension test was performed on a steel specimen This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the
No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher. * 3–4. A tension test was performed on a steel specimen No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher. * 3–4. A tension test was performed on a steel specimen
Mechanics of Materials (9th Edition) by Hibbeler, Russell C. 9th (ninth) (2013) Hardcover on Amazon.com. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. A book that covers mechanics of materials: the study of internal effects of stress and strain in a solid body that is subjected to external loading. The material in this book follows and builds upon principles learned in statics. Mechanics of Materials (9th Edition) by Hibbeler, Russell C. 9th (ninth) (2013) Hardcover on Amazon.com. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. A book that covers mechanics of materials: the study of internal effects of stress and strain in a solid body that is subjected to external loading. The material in this book follows and builds upon principles learned in statics.
Mechanics of Materials clearly and thoroughly presents the theory and supports the application of essential mechanics of materials principles. Professor Hibbeler’s concise writing style, countless examples, and stunning four-color photorealistic art program – all shaped by the comments and suggestions of hundreds of colleagues and students – help students visualize and master difficult Mechanics of Materials (9th Edition) by Hibbeler, Russell C. 9th (ninth) (2013) Hardcover on Amazon.com. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. A book that covers mechanics of materials: the study of internal effects of stress and strain in a solid body that is subjected to external loading. The material in this book follows and builds upon principles learned in statics.
Mechanics of Materials clearly and thoroughly presents the theory and supports the application of essential mechanics of materials principles. Professor Hibbeler’s concise writing style, countless examples, and stunning four-color photorealistic art program – all shaped by the comments and suggestions of hundreds of colleagues and students – help students visualize and master difficult No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher. * 3–4. A tension test was performed on a steel specimen
Mechanics of Materials (9th Edition) by Hibbeler, Russell C. 9th (ninth) (2013) Hardcover on Amazon.com. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. A book that covers mechanics of materials: the study of internal effects of stress and strain in a solid body that is subjected to external loading. The material in this book follows and builds upon principles learned in statics. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the
. Mechanics of Materials clearly and thoroughly presents the theory and supports the application of essential mechanics of materials principles. Professor Hibbeler’s concise writing style, countless examples, and stunning four-color photorealistic art program – all shaped by the comments and suggestions of hundreds of colleagues and students – help students visualize and master difficult, No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher. * 3–4. A tension test was performed on a steel specimen.
. Mechanics of Materials (9th Edition) by Hibbeler, Russell C. 9th (ninth) (2013) Hardcover on Amazon.com. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. A book that covers mechanics of materials: the study of internal effects of stress and strain in a solid body that is subjected to external loading. The material in this book follows and builds upon principles learned in statics., This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the.
. Mechanics of Materials (9th Edition) by Hibbeler, Russell C. 9th (ninth) (2013) Hardcover on Amazon.com. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. A book that covers mechanics of materials: the study of internal effects of stress and strain in a solid body that is subjected to external loading. The material in this book follows and builds upon principles learned in statics., This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the.
. Mechanics of Materials clearly and thoroughly presents the theory and supports the application of essential mechanics of materials principles. Professor Hibbeler’s concise writing style, countless examples, and stunning four-color photorealistic art program – all shaped by the comments and suggestions of hundreds of colleagues and students – help students visualize and master difficult Mechanics of Materials clearly and thoroughly presents the theory and supports the application of essential mechanics of materials principles. Professor Hibbeler’s concise writing style, countless examples, and stunning four-color photorealistic art program – all shaped by the comments and suggestions of hundreds of colleagues and students – help students visualize and master difficult.
No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher. * 3–4. A tension test was performed on a steel specimen Mechanics of Materials (9th Edition) by Hibbeler, Russell C. 9th (ninth) (2013) Hardcover on Amazon.com. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. A book that covers mechanics of materials: the study of internal effects of stress and strain in a solid body that is subjected to external loading. The material in this book follows and builds upon principles learned in statics.
Mechanics of Materials (9th Edition) by Hibbeler, Russell C. 9th (ninth) (2013) Hardcover on Amazon.com. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. A book that covers mechanics of materials: the study of internal effects of stress and strain in a solid body that is subjected to external loading. The material in this book follows and builds upon principles learned in statics. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the
This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the Mechanics of Materials (9th Edition) by Hibbeler, Russell C. 9th (ninth) (2013) Hardcover on Amazon.com. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. A book that covers mechanics of materials: the study of internal effects of stress and strain in a solid body that is subjected to external loading. The material in this book follows and builds upon principles learned in statics.
This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher. * 3–4. A tension test was performed on a steel specimen
No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher. * 3–4. A tension test was performed on a steel specimen Mechanics of Materials (9th Edition) by Hibbeler, Russell C. 9th (ninth) (2013) Hardcover on Amazon.com. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. A book that covers mechanics of materials: the study of internal effects of stress and strain in a solid body that is subjected to external loading. The material in this book follows and builds upon principles learned in statics.
Mechanics of Materials (9th Edition) by Hibbeler, Russell C. 9th (ninth) (2013) Hardcover on Amazon.com. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. A book that covers mechanics of materials: the study of internal effects of stress and strain in a solid body that is subjected to external loading. The material in this book follows and builds upon principles learned in statics. Mechanics of Materials clearly and thoroughly presents the theory and supports the application of essential mechanics of materials principles. Professor Hibbeler’s concise writing style, countless examples, and stunning four-color photorealistic art program – all shaped by the comments and suggestions of hundreds of colleagues and students – help students visualize and master difficult
Mechanics of Materials clearly and thoroughly presents the theory and supports the application of essential mechanics of materials principles. Professor Hibbeler’s concise writing style, countless examples, and stunning four-color photorealistic art program – all shaped by the comments and suggestions of hundreds of colleagues and students – help students visualize and master difficult No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher. * 3–4. A tension test was performed on a steel specimen
This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the Mechanics of Materials clearly and thoroughly presents the theory and supports the application of essential mechanics of materials principles. Professor Hibbeler’s concise writing style, countless examples, and stunning four-color photorealistic art program – all shaped by the comments and suggestions of hundreds of colleagues and students – help students visualize and master difficult
This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the